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保护地草莓膜下滴灌技术
节水农业、微灌技术在水稻、蔬菜上应用十分广泛且技术成熟、完善,在棚室草莓上应用技术仍处于示范、推广阶段。草莓生产受水分、肥料,农药的影响极大,传统生产中大水漫灌,致使草莓白粉病、灰霉病、根腐病等发生十分普遍,加之大量的肥料与农药的使用,严重影响草莓的产量与品质。保护地滴灌挂术的应用不仅降低棚内空气相对湿度,减少病虫害发生、增强棚内作物抵制病虫害的浸染能力,提高土壤温度,而且改善环境,保护资源,同时有节水、节能、节肥等作用。此项技术在草莓实际生产中取得了良好的经济效益、生态及社会效益。
Water-saving agriculture and micro-irrigation technology are widely used in rice and vegetable, and the technology is mature and perfect. The application technology of strawberry in greenhouse is still in the stage of demonstration and popularization. Strawberry production is greatly affected by water, fertilizer and pesticides. In traditional production, flooding caused the occurrence of Strawberry Powdery mildew, gray mold, root rot and so on. In addition, the use of a large number of fertilizers and pesticides seriously affected the yield and quality of strawberry. The application of drip irrigation and hanging technique in protected area not only reduces the relative humidity of air in greenhouse, reduces the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, enhances the ability of crops in greenhouse to resist diseases and insect pests, and raises soil temperature, but also improves the environment and protects resources. It also has the functions of water saving, energy saving and fertilizer saving. This technology has achieved good economic, ecological and social benefits in strawberry production.
一、滴灌设施。
Drip irrigation facilities.
1.滴灌设备规格:
1. Specifications of drip irrigation equipment:
微灌带为直径25毫米,每隔25厘米有双排出水孔,输水管为直径40毫米。
The micro-irrigation belt is 25mm in diameter, with double discharge holes every 25cm, and the water pipe is 40mm in diameter.
2.滴灌设备及连接:
2. Drip irrigation equipment and connection:
滴灌设备由滴灌带、输水管、施肥器、专用接头组成。专用接头用于微灌带与输水管的连接;施肥器用于灌水时向草莓随水追肥。在水源与主管间安装施肥器,安装接头、连接微灌带。一根微灌带同时向两行草莓供水。水源中不能有直径大于0.8毫米的悬浮物。
The drip irrigation equipment consists of drip irrigation belt, water pipe, fertilizer applicator and special joint. The special joint is used to connect the micro-irrigation belt with the water conveying pipe, and the fertilizer applicator is used to topdress strawberry with water when irrigation. The fertilizer applicator is installed between the water source and the main pipe, the joint is installed and the micro-irrigation belt is connected. A micro-irrigation belt supplies two rows of strawberries at the same time. There should be no suspended matter larger than 0.8 mm in diameter in the water source.
3.技术工艺:
3. Technological process:
小水泵+接头+过滤器+主、干、支管+滴灌带+施肥器——安装——调试——运行——管理和维护。
Small water pump+connector+filter+main,trunk,branch pipe+drip irrigation belt+fertilizer applicator-installation-debugging-operation-management and maintenance.
二、配套技术。
Second, supporting technology.
1.做高畦:
1. Make a high border:
分小高畦和大高畦两种方式。小高畦按行距50~60厘米、株距15厘米定植,畦高10厘米,畦面宽40厘米,每亩栽苗9000株左右。滴灌带铺设在与畦垂直的端,输水管铺设在两垄草莓之间。栽时要选用5片叶以上的苗,于阴天或下午4点以后带土坨栽,上不埋心,下不露根,新茎弓背一律向外(畦栽的边行弓背向里)。栽后连续滴小水,直到成活。
There are two ways: small high border and big high border. The small high border was planted according to the row spacing of 50-60 cm and the plant spacing of 15 cm. The border height was 10 cm and the border surface width was 40 cm. About 9000 seedlings were planted per mu. The drip irrigation belt is laid at the vertical end of the border, and the water pipe is laid between the two ridges of strawberries. When planting, seedlings with more than five leaves should be planted on cloudy days or after 4:00 p.m., without burying or rooting, and the back of the new stem arch should be outward (the edge of the border of the border is inward). Drip water continuously after planting until it survives.
2.覆膜:
2. plastic film:
11月中旬左右覆盖地膜。进一步提高滴灌节水效果,防止降低地温、保湿;避免空气湿度过太,减少灰霉病、白粉病、根腐病等的发生。
In mid-November, the mulch was covered. To further improve the water-saving effect of drip irrigation, to prevent the reduction of ground temperature and moisture, to avoid excessive air humidity, to reduce the occurrence of gray mold, powdery mildew, root rot and so on.
3.滴水原则:
3. Dropping principle:
遵循“湿而不涝、干而不旱”的原则,根据草莓各生长季需水情况而定。土壤相对湿度保持在50%~60%。草莓根系80%分布于自地表向下15厘米的土层内,表土极易干燥,因此滴水宜少量多次。
According to the principle of "wet but not waterlogged, dry but not drought", the water requirement of strawberry in each growing season is decided. Relative humidity of soil was maintained at 50%-60%. 80% of strawberry roots are distributed in the soil layer 15 centimeters below the surface, and the topsoil is very easy to dry, so it is advisable to drip a little more than once.
4.随水追肥:
4. Topdressing with water:
在生长需肥高峰期追尿素及氮、磷、钾复合肥,以及生物肥料等。但肥料溶解后颗粒直径不能大于0.8毫米,以免堵塞输水管孔影响滴水质量。追肥至少要进行4~5次。
Topdressing urea, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium compound fertilizer and biological fertilizer during the peak period of fertilizer requirement. However, the diameter of granules after fertilizer dissolution should not be greater than 0.8 mm, in order to avoid blocking the water pipe holes and affecting the quality of dripping water. Topdressing should be done at least 4-5 times.
5.湿度管理:
5. Humidity management:
整个生长期都要尽可能降低棚室内的湿度。控制灰霉病、白粉病等病害的发生。
The humidity in the shed should be lowered as much as possible during the whole growing period. Control the occurrence of gray mould, powdery mildew and other diseases.
草莓膜下滴灌技术的实施,不仅减轻了农民劳动强度,降低了病虫害的发生,减少了农药使用量和肥料随水流失,而且增强了草莓质量和市场竞争力,促进草莓提早成熟,增加了农民的经济收入。
The implementation of strawberry drip irrigation under plastic film not only reduces the labor intensity of shuiniguan.37ix.com.cntaoci.37ix.com.cnchongdian.89ix.comkongzhifa.89ix.compeidiand.89ix.com shiyand.89ix.comfarmers, the occurrence of pests and diseases, the use of pesticides and the loss of fertilizers with water, but also enhances the quality and market competitiveness of strawberries, promotes the early ripening of strawberries, and increases the economic income of farmers.

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